NIST · Shared reference library

NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 Common Control Library

Browse 1,193 controls and enhancements across 20 security and privacy families. Use the GovRAMP crosswalk to locate controls referenced by Security Snapshot, Core, and Moderate.

A shared catalog supports common-control planning; designation as a common, hybrid, or system-specific control depends on your organization’s implementation and inheritance decisions.

Sources and crosswalk scope

NIST OSCAL content 5.1.1+u4, retrieved 2026-09-18. GovRAMP Snapshot v1.4 and Core selection from Moderate v1.06 reference the December 2020 Rev. 5 text. Mappings establish exact identifier correspondence, not identical requirements, inherited implementation, or GovRAMP authorization. GovRAMP parameters and additional requirements remain authoritative for each program. Full Moderate, High, and other programs are not mapped here. Withdrawn controls are retained for reference.

Official pinned NIST source

SHA-256: 81cf2de45ede9aef3de7ce09d65ea9d32f662c483bbf916f6e346292b22f7763

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1011 matching controls · Page 36 of 41

System and Communications Protection · Enhancement

SC-45(2) · Secondary Authoritative Time Source

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

(a) Identify a secondary authoritative time source that is in a different geographic region than the primary authoritative time source; and (b) Synchronize the internal system clocks to the secondary authoritative time source if the primary authoritative time source is unavailable.

Discussion

It may be necessary to employ geolocation information to determine that the secondary authoritative time source is in a different geographic region.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Communications Protection · Base control

SC-46 · Cross Domain Policy Enforcement

Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Implement a policy enforcement mechanism [Selection (one): physically; logically] between the physical and/or network interfaces for the connecting security domains.

Discussion

For logical policy enforcement mechanisms, organizations avoid creating a logical path between interfaces to prevent the ability to bypass the policy enforcement mechanism. For physical policy enforcement mechanisms, the robustness of physical isolation afforded by the physical implementation of policy enforcement to preclude the presence of logical covert channels penetrating the security domain may be needed. Contact [ncdsmo@nsa.gov](mailto:ncdsmo@nsa.gov) for more information.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Communications Protection · Base control

SC-47 · Alternate Communications Paths

Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Establish [Assignment: alternate communication paths] for system operations organizational command and control.

Discussion

An incident, whether adversarial- or nonadversarial-based, can disrupt established communications paths used for system operations and organizational command and control. Alternate communications paths reduce the risk of all communications paths being affected by the same incident. To compound the problem, the inability of organizational officials to obtain timely information about disruptions or to provide timely direction to operational elements after a communications path incident, can impact the ability of the organization to respond to such incidents in a timely manner. Establishing alternate communications paths for command and control purposes, including designating alternative decision makers if primary decision makers are unavailable and establishing the extent and limitations of their actions, can greatly facilitate the organization’s ability to continue to operate and take appropriate actions during an incident.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Communications Protection · Base control

SC-48 · Sensor Relocation

Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Relocate [Assignment: sensors and monitoring capabilities] to [Assignment: locations] under the following conditions or circumstances: [Assignment: conditions or circumstances].

Discussion

Adversaries may take various paths and use different approaches as they move laterally through an organization (including its systems) to reach their target or as they attempt to exfiltrate information from the organization. The organization often only has a limited set of monitoring and detection capabilities, and they may be focused on the critical or likely infiltration or exfiltration paths. By using communications paths that the organization typically does not monitor, the adversary can increase its chances of achieving its desired goals. By relocating its sensors or monitoring capabilities to new locations, the organization can impede the adversary’s ability to achieve its goals. The relocation of the sensors or monitoring capabilities might be done based on threat information that the organization has acquired or randomly to confuse the adversary and make its lateral transition through the system or organization more challenging.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Communications Protection · Enhancement

SC-48(1) · Dynamic Relocation of Sensors or Monitoring Capabilities

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Dynamically relocate [Assignment: sensors and monitoring capabilities] to [Assignment: locations] under the following conditions or circumstances: [Assignment: conditions or circumstances].

Discussion

None.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Communications Protection · Base control

SC-49 · Hardware-enforced Separation and Policy Enforcement

Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Implement hardware-enforced separation and policy enforcement mechanisms between [Assignment: security domains].

Discussion

System owners may require additional strength of mechanism and robustness to ensure domain separation and policy enforcement for specific types of threats and environments of operation. Hardware-enforced separation and policy enforcement provide greater strength of mechanism than software-enforced separation and policy enforcement.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Communications Protection · Base control

SC-50 · Software-enforced Separation and Policy Enforcement

Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Implement software-enforced separation and policy enforcement mechanisms between [Assignment: security domains].

Discussion

System owners may require additional strength of mechanism to ensure domain separation and policy enforcement for specific types of threats and environments of operation.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Communications Protection · Base control

SC-51 · Hardware-based Protection

Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

a. Employ hardware-based, write-protect for [Assignment: system firmware components] ; and b. Implement specific procedures for [Assignment: authorized individuals] to manually disable hardware write-protect for firmware modifications and re-enable the write-protect prior to returning to operational mode.

Discussion

None.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Information Integrity · Base control

SI-1 · Policy and Procedures

Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

a. Develop, document, and disseminate to [Assignment: organization-defined personnel or roles]: 1. [Selection (one-or-more): organization-level; mission/business process-level; system-level] system and information integrity policy that: (a) Addresses purpose, scope, roles, responsibilities, management commitment, coordination among organizational entities, and compliance; and (b) Is consistent with applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines; and 2. Procedures to facilitate the implementation of the system and information integrity policy and the associated system and information integrity controls; b. Designate an [Assignment: official] to manage the development, documentation, and dissemination of the system and information integrity policy and procedures; and c. Review and update the current system and information integrity: 1. Policy [Assignment: frequency] and following [Assignment: events] ; and 2. Procedures [Assignment: frequency] and following [Assignment: events].

Discussion

System and information integrity policy and procedures address the controls in the SI family that are implemented within systems and organizations. The risk management strategy is an important factor in establishing such policies and procedures. Policies and procedures contribute to security and privacy assurance. Therefore, it is important that security and privacy programs collaborate on the development of system and information integrity policy and procedures. Security and privacy program policies and procedures at the organization level are preferable, in general, and may obviate the need for mission- or system-specific policies and procedures. The policy can be included as part of the general security and privacy policy or be represented by multiple policies that reflect the complex nature of organizations. Procedures can be established for security and privacy programs, for mission or business processes, and for systems, if needed. Procedures describe how the policies or controls are implemented and can be directed at the individual or role that is the object of the procedure. Procedures can be documented in system security and privacy plans or in one or more separate documents. Events that may precipitate an update to system and information integrity policy and procedures include assessment or audit findings, security incidents or breaches, or changes in applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines. Simply restating controls does not constitute an organizational policy or procedure.

GovRAMP crosswalk

System and Information Integrity · Base control

SI-2 · Flaw Remediation

Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

a. Identify, report, and correct system flaws; b. Test software and firmware updates related to flaw remediation for effectiveness and potential side effects before installation; c. Install security-relevant software and firmware updates within [Assignment: time period] of the release of the updates; and d. Incorporate flaw remediation into the organizational configuration management process.

Discussion

The need to remediate system flaws applies to all types of software and firmware. Organizations identify systems affected by software flaws, including potential vulnerabilities resulting from those flaws, and report this information to designated organizational personnel with information security and privacy responsibilities. Security-relevant updates include patches, service packs, and malicious code signatures. Organizations also address flaws discovered during assessments, continuous monitoring, incident response activities, and system error handling. By incorporating flaw remediation into configuration management processes, required remediation actions can be tracked and verified. Organization-defined time periods for updating security-relevant software and firmware may vary based on a variety of risk factors, including the security category of the system, the criticality of the update (i.e., severity of the vulnerability related to the discovered flaw), the organizational risk tolerance, the mission supported by the system, or the threat environment. Some types of flaw remediation may require more testing than other types. Organizations determine the type of testing needed for the specific type of flaw remediation activity under consideration and the types of changes that are to be configuration-managed. In some situations, organizations may determine that the testing of software or firmware updates is not necessary or practical, such as when implementing simple malicious code signature updates. In testing decisions, organizations consider whether security-relevant software or firmware updates are obtained from authorized sources with appropriate digital signatures.

GovRAMP crosswalk

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-2(2) · Automated Flaw Remediation Status

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Determine if system components have applicable security-relevant software and firmware updates installed using [Assignment: automated mechanisms] [Assignment: frequency].

Discussion

Automated mechanisms can track and determine the status of known flaws for system components.

GovRAMP crosswalk

  • GovRAMP Security Snapshot Readiness · SI-2 (2) — Direct NIST identifier reference. GovRAMP source matrix
  • GovRAMP Core Readiness — 60 Controls · SI-2 (2) — Direct NIST identifier reference. GovRAMP source matrix
  • GovRAMP Moderate Readiness · SI-2 (2) — Direct NIST identifier reference. GovRAMP source matrix

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-2(3) · Time to Remediate Flaws and Benchmarks for Corrective Actions

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

(a) Measure the time between flaw identification and flaw remediation; and (b) Establish the following benchmarks for taking corrective actions: [Assignment: benchmarks].

Discussion

Organizations determine the time it takes on average to correct system flaws after such flaws have been identified and subsequently establish organizational benchmarks (i.e., time frames) for taking corrective actions. Benchmarks can be established by the type of flaw or the severity of the potential vulnerability if the flaw can be exploited.

GovRAMP crosswalk

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-2(4) · Automated Patch Management Tools

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Employ automated patch management tools to facilitate flaw remediation to the following system components: [Assignment: components].

Discussion

Using automated tools to support patch management helps to ensure the timeliness and completeness of system patching operations.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-2(5) · Automatic Software and Firmware Updates

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Install [Assignment: security-relevant software and firmware updates] automatically to [Assignment: system components].

Discussion

Due to system integrity and availability concerns, organizations consider the methodology used to carry out automatic updates. Organizations balance the need to ensure that the updates are installed as soon as possible with the need to maintain configuration management and control with any mission or operational impacts that automatic updates might impose.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-2(6) · Removal of Previous Versions of Software and Firmware

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Remove previous versions of [Assignment: software and firmware components] after updated versions have been installed.

Discussion

Previous versions of software or firmware components that are not removed from the system after updates have been installed may be exploited by adversaries. Some products may automatically remove previous versions of software and firmware from the system.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Information Integrity · Base control

SI-3 · Malicious Code Protection

Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

a. Implement [Selection (one-or-more): signature-based; non-signature-based] malicious code protection mechanisms at system entry and exit points to detect and eradicate malicious code; b. Automatically update malicious code protection mechanisms as new releases are available in accordance with organizational configuration management policy and procedures; c. Configure malicious code protection mechanisms to: 1. Perform periodic scans of the system [Assignment: frequency] and real-time scans of files from external sources at [Selection (one-or-more): endpoint; network entry and exit points] as the files are downloaded, opened, or executed in accordance with organizational policy; and 2. [Selection (one-or-more): block malicious code; quarantine malicious code; take [Assignment: action] ] ; and send alert to [Assignment: personnel or roles] in response to malicious code detection; and d. Address the receipt of false positives during malicious code detection and eradication and the resulting potential impact on the availability of the system.

Discussion

System entry and exit points include firewalls, remote access servers, workstations, electronic mail servers, web servers, proxy servers, notebook computers, and mobile devices. Malicious code includes viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and spyware. Malicious code can also be encoded in various formats contained within compressed or hidden files or hidden in files using techniques such as steganography. Malicious code can be inserted into systems in a variety of ways, including by electronic mail, the world-wide web, and portable storage devices. Malicious code insertions occur through the exploitation of system vulnerabilities. A variety of technologies and methods exist to limit or eliminate the effects of malicious code. Malicious code protection mechanisms include both signature- and nonsignature-based technologies. Nonsignature-based detection mechanisms include artificial intelligence techniques that use heuristics to detect, analyze, and describe the characteristics or behavior of malicious code and to provide controls against such code for which signatures do not yet exist or for which existing signatures may not be effective. Malicious code for which active signatures do not yet exist or may be ineffective includes polymorphic malicious code (i.e., code that changes signatures when it replicates). Nonsignature-based mechanisms also include reputation-based technologies. In addition to the above technologies, pervasive configuration management, comprehensive software integrity controls, and anti-exploitation software may be effective in preventing the execution of unauthorized code. Malicious code may be present in commercial off-the-shelf software as well as custom-built software and could include logic bombs, backdoors, and other types of attacks that could affect organizational mission and business functions. In situations where malicious code cannot be detected by detection methods or technologies, organizations rely on other types of controls, including secure coding practices, configuration management and control, trusted procurement processes, and monitoring practices to ensure that software does not perform functions other than the functions intended. Organizations may determine that, in response to the detection of malicious code, different actions may be warranted. For example, organizations can define actions in response to malicious code detection during periodic scans, the detection of malicious downloads, or the detection of maliciousness when attempting to open or execute files.

GovRAMP crosswalk

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-3(4) · Updates Only by Privileged Users

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Update malicious code protection mechanisms only when directed by a privileged user.

Discussion

Protection mechanisms for malicious code are typically categorized as security-related software and, as such, are only updated by organizational personnel with appropriate access privileges.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-3(6) · Testing and Verification

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

(a) Test malicious code protection mechanisms [Assignment: frequency] by introducing known benign code into the system; and (b) Verify that the detection of the code and the associated incident reporting occur.

Discussion

None.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-3(8) · Detect Unauthorized Commands

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

(a) Detect the following unauthorized operating system commands through the kernel application programming interface on [Assignment: system hardware components]: [Assignment: unauthorized operating system commands] ; and (b) [Selection (one-or-more): issue a warning; audit the command execution; prevent the execution of the command].

Discussion

Detecting unauthorized commands can be applied to critical interfaces other than kernel-based interfaces, including interfaces with virtual machines and privileged applications. Unauthorized operating system commands include commands for kernel functions from system processes that are not trusted to initiate such commands as well as commands for kernel functions that are suspicious even though commands of that type are reasonable for processes to initiate. Organizations can define the malicious commands to be detected by a combination of command types, command classes, or specific instances of commands. Organizations can also define hardware components by component type, component, component location in the network, or a combination thereof. Organizations may select different actions for different types, classes, or instances of malicious commands.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-3(10) · Malicious Code Analysis

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

(a) Employ the following tools and techniques to analyze the characteristics and behavior of malicious code: [Assignment: tools and techniques] ; and (b) Incorporate the results from malicious code analysis into organizational incident response and flaw remediation processes.

Discussion

The use of malicious code analysis tools provides organizations with a more in-depth understanding of adversary tradecraft (i.e., tactics, techniques, and procedures) and the functionality and purpose of specific instances of malicious code. Understanding the characteristics of malicious code facilitates effective organizational responses to current and future threats. Organizations can conduct malicious code analyses by employing reverse engineering techniques or by monitoring the behavior of executing code.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Information Integrity · Base control

SI-4 · System Monitoring

Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

a. Monitor the system to detect: 1. Attacks and indicators of potential attacks in accordance with the following monitoring objectives: [Assignment: monitoring objectives] ; and 2. Unauthorized local, network, and remote connections; b. Identify unauthorized use of the system through the following techniques and methods: [Assignment: techniques and methods]; c. Invoke internal monitoring capabilities or deploy monitoring devices: 1. Strategically within the system to collect organization-determined essential information; and 2. At ad hoc locations within the system to track specific types of transactions of interest to the organization; d. Analyze detected events and anomalies; e. Adjust the level of system monitoring activity when there is a change in risk to organizational operations and assets, individuals, other organizations, or the Nation; f. Obtain legal opinion regarding system monitoring activities; and g. Provide [Assignment: system monitoring information] to [Assignment: personnel or roles] [Selection (one-or-more): as needed; [Assignment: frequency] ].

Discussion

System monitoring includes external and internal monitoring. External monitoring includes the observation of events occurring at external interfaces to the system. Internal monitoring includes the observation of events occurring within the system. Organizations monitor systems by observing audit activities in real time or by observing other system aspects such as access patterns, characteristics of access, and other actions. The monitoring objectives guide and inform the determination of the events. System monitoring capabilities are achieved through a variety of tools and techniques, including intrusion detection and prevention systems, malicious code protection software, scanning tools, audit record monitoring software, and network monitoring software. Depending on the security architecture, the distribution and configuration of monitoring devices may impact throughput at key internal and external boundaries as well as at other locations across a network due to the introduction of network throughput latency. If throughput management is needed, such devices are strategically located and deployed as part of an established organization-wide security architecture. Strategic locations for monitoring devices include selected perimeter locations and near key servers and server farms that support critical applications. Monitoring devices are typically employed at the managed interfaces associated with controls [SC-7](#sc-7) and [AC-17](#ac-17) . The information collected is a function of the organizational monitoring objectives and the capability of systems to support such objectives. Specific types of transactions of interest include Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) traffic that bypasses HTTP proxies. System monitoring is an integral part of organizational continuous monitoring and incident response programs, and output from system monitoring serves as input to those programs. System monitoring requirements, including the need for specific types of system monitoring, may be referenced in other controls (e.g., [AC-2g](#ac-2_smt.g), [AC-2(7)](#ac-2.7), [AC-2(12)(a)](#ac-2.12_smt.a), [AC-17(1)](#ac-17.1), [AU-13](#au-13), [AU-13(1)](#au-13.1), [AU-13(2)](#au-13.2), [CM-3f](#cm-3_smt.f), [CM-6d](#cm-6_smt.d), [MA-3a](#ma-3_smt.a), [MA-4a](#ma-4_smt.a), [SC-5(3)(b)](#sc-5.3_smt.b), [SC-7a](#sc-7_smt.a), [SC-7(24)(b)](#sc-7.24_smt.b), [SC-18b](#sc-18_smt.b), [SC-43b](#sc-43_smt.b) ). Adjustments to levels of system monitoring are based on law enforcement information, intelligence information, or other sources of information. The legality of system monitoring activities is based on applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines.

GovRAMP crosswalk

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-4(1) · System-wide Intrusion Detection System

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Connect and configure individual intrusion detection tools into a system-wide intrusion detection system.

Discussion

Linking individual intrusion detection tools into a system-wide intrusion detection system provides additional coverage and effective detection capabilities. The information contained in one intrusion detection tool can be shared widely across the organization, making the system-wide detection capability more robust and powerful.

GovRAMP crosswalk

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-4(2) · Automated Tools and Mechanisms for Real-time Analysis

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Employ automated tools and mechanisms to support near real-time analysis of events.

Discussion

Automated tools and mechanisms include host-based, network-based, transport-based, or storage-based event monitoring tools and mechanisms or security information and event management (SIEM) technologies that provide real-time analysis of alerts and notifications generated by organizational systems. Automated monitoring techniques can create unintended privacy risks because automated controls may connect to external or otherwise unrelated systems. The matching of records between these systems may create linkages with unintended consequences. Organizations assess and document these risks in their privacy impact assessment and make determinations that are in alignment with their privacy program plan.

GovRAMP crosswalk

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-4(3) · Automated Tool and Mechanism Integration

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

Employ automated tools and mechanisms to integrate intrusion detection tools and mechanisms into access control and flow control mechanisms.

Discussion

Using automated tools and mechanisms to integrate intrusion detection tools and mechanisms into access and flow control mechanisms facilitates a rapid response to attacks by enabling the reconfiguration of mechanisms in support of attack isolation and elimination.

GovRAMP crosswalk

Not selected in the imported Snapshot or Core sets. This does not establish exclusion from other GovRAMP baselines.

System and Information Integrity · Enhancement

SI-4(4) · Inbound and Outbound Communications Traffic

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Control statement and discussion

NIST control statement

(a) Determine criteria for unusual or unauthorized activities or conditions for inbound and outbound communications traffic; (b) Monitor inbound and outbound communications traffic [Assignment: organization-defined frequency] for [Assignment: organization-defined unusual or unauthorized activities or conditions].

Discussion

Unusual or unauthorized activities or conditions related to system inbound and outbound communications traffic includes internal traffic that indicates the presence of malicious code or unauthorized use of legitimate code or credentials within organizational systems or propagating among system components, signaling to external systems, and the unauthorized exporting of information. Evidence of malicious code or unauthorized use of legitimate code or credentials is used to identify potentially compromised systems or system components.

GovRAMP crosswalk

  • GovRAMP Security Snapshot Readiness · SI-4 (4) — Direct NIST identifier reference. GovRAMP source matrix
  • GovRAMP Core Readiness — 60 Controls · SI-4 (4) — Direct NIST identifier reference. GovRAMP source matrix
  • GovRAMP Moderate Readiness · SI-4 (4) — Direct NIST identifier reference. GovRAMP source matrix